\documentclass[CRMATH,Unicode,biblatex,XML]{cedram} \TopicFR{Systèmes dynamiques} \TopicEN{Dynamical systems} \addbibresource{CRMATH_Wang_20230836.bib} \usepackage{mathtools} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \numberwithin{equation}{section} \newcommand{\mc}{\mathbb{C}} \newcommand{\ra}{\to} \newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}} \newcommand{\irm}{\mathrm{i}} \newcommand{\Rerm}{\mathrm{Re}} \DeclareMathOperator{\dist}{dist} \DeclareMathOperator{\expe}{e} \DeclareMathOperator{\supp}{supp} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \makeatletter \let\save@mathaccent\mathaccent \newcommand*\if@single[3]{% \setbox0\hbox{${\mathaccent"0362{#1}}^H$}% \setbox2\hbox{${\mathaccent"0362{\kern0pt#1}}^H$}% \ifdim\ht0=\ht2 #3\else #2\fi } %The bar will be moved to the right by a half of \macc@kerna, which is computed by amsmath: \newcommand*\rel@kern[1]{\kern#1\dimexpr\macc@kerna} %If there's a superscript following the bar, then no negative kern may follow the bar; %an additional {} makes sure that the superscript is high enough in this case: \newcommand*\widebar[1]{\@ifnextchar^{{\wide@bar{#1}{0}}}{\wide@bar{#1}{1}}} %Use a separate algorithm for single symbols: \newcommand*\wide@bar[2]{\if@single{#1}{\wide@bar@{#1}{#2}{1}}{\wide@bar@{#1}{#2}{2}}} \newcommand*\wide@bar@[3]{% \begingroup \def\mathaccent##1##2{% %Enable nesting of accents: \let\mathaccent\save@mathaccent %If there's more than a single symbol, use the first character instead (see below): \if#32 \let\macc@nucleus\first@char \fi %Determine the italic correction: \setbox\z@\hbox{$\macc@style{\macc@nucleus}_{}$}% \setbox\tw@\hbox{$\macc@style{\macc@nucleus}{}_{}$}% \dimen@\wd\tw@ \advance\dimen@-\wd\z@ %Now \dimen@ is the italic correction of the symbol. \divide\dimen@ 3 \@tempdima\wd\tw@ \advance\@tempdima-\scriptspace %Now \@tempdima is the width of the symbol. \divide\@tempdima 10 \advance\dimen@-\@tempdima %Now \dimen@ = (italic correction / 3) - (Breite / 10) \ifdim\dimen@>\z@ \dimen@0pt\fi %The bar will be shortened in the case \dimen@<0 ! \rel@kern{0.6}\kern-\dimen@ \if#31 \overline{\rel@kern{-0.6}\kern\dimen@\macc@nucleus\rel@kern{0.4}\kern\dimen@}% \advance\dimen@0.4\dimexpr\macc@kerna %Place the combined final kern (-\dimen@) if it is >0 or if a superscript follows: \let\final@kern#2% \ifdim\dimen@<\z@ \let\final@kern1\fi \if\final@kern1 \kern-\dimen@\fi \else \overline{\rel@kern{-0.6}\kern\dimen@#1}% \fi }% \macc@depth\@ne \let\math@bgroup\@empty \let\math@egroup\macc@set@skewchar \mathsurround\z@ \frozen@everymath{\mathgroup\macc@group\relax}% \macc@set@skewchar\relax \let\mathaccentV\macc@nested@a %The following initialises \macc@kerna and calls \mathaccent: \if#31 \macc@nested@a\relax111{#1}% \else %If the argument consists of more than one symbol, and if the first token is %a letter, use that letter for the computations: \def\gobble@till@marker##1\endmarker{}% \futurelet\first@char\gobble@till@marker#1\endmarker \ifcat\noexpand\first@char A\else \def\first@char{}% \fi \macc@nested@a\relax111{\first@char}% \fi \endgroup } \makeatother \let\oldbar\bar \renewcommand*{\bar}[1]{\mathchoice{\widebar{#1}}{\widebar{#1}}{\widebar{#1}}{\oldbar{#1}}} \let\oldtilde\tilde \renewcommand*{\tilde}[1]{\mathchoice{\widetilde{#1}}{\widetilde{#1}}{\oldtilde{#1}}{\oldtilde{#1}}} \let\oldhat\hat \renewcommand*{\hat}[1]{\mathchoice{\widehat{#1}}{\widehat{#1}}{\oldhat{#1}}{\oldhat{#1}}} \renewcommand*{\to}{\mathchoice{\longrightarrow}{\rightarrow}{\rightarrow}{\rightarrow}} \let\oldmapsto\mapsto \renewcommand*{\mapsto}{\mathchoice{\longmapsto}{\oldmapsto}{\oldmapsto}{\oldmapsto}} \makeatletter \def\@setafterauthor{% \vglue1mm% \begingroup\hsize=12cm\advance\hsize\abstractmarginL\raggedright \noindent \begin{minipage}[t]{13cm} \leftskip\abstractmarginL \normalfont\Small \@afterauthor\par \end{minipage} \endgroup \vskip2pt plus 3pt minus 1pt } \makeatother %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newcommand*{\mk}{\mkern -1mu} \newcommand*{\Mk}{\mkern -2mu} \newcommand*{\mK}{\mkern 1mu} \newcommand*{\MK}{\mkern 2mu} \hypersetup{urlcolor=purple, linkcolor=blue, citecolor=red} \newcommand*{\romanenumi}{\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\roman{enumi}}} \newcommand*{\Romanenumi}{\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\Roman{enumi}}} \newcommand*{\alphenumi}{\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\alph{enumi}}} \newcommand*{\Alphenumi}{\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \title[Approximation and extension of Hermitian metrics] {Approximation and extension of Hermitian metrics on holomorphic vector bundles over Stein manifolds} \alttitle{Approximation et extension des métriques hermitiennes sur les fibrés vectoriels holomorphes sur les variétés de Stein} \author{\firstname{Fusheng} \lastname{Deng}} \address{School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China} \email{fshdeng@ucas.ac.cn} \author{\firstname{Jiafu} \lastname{Ning}\IsCorresp} \address{School of Mathematics and Statistics, HNP-LAMA, Central South University, Changsha,\tralicstex{}{\hfill\break} Hunan 410083, P. R. China} \email{jfning@csu.edu.cn} \author{\firstname{Zhiwei} \lastname{Wang}} \address{School of Mathematical Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China} \email{zhiwei@bnu.edu.cn} \author{\firstname{Xiangyu} \lastname{Zhou}} \address[1]{School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China} \address{Institute of Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Sciences and Hua Loo-Keng Key Laboratory of Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences\\Beijing, 100190, P. R. China} \email{xyzhou@math.ac.cn} \thanks{ This research is supported by National Key R\&D Program of China (No. 2021YFA1002600 and No. 2021YFA1003100). The authors are partially supported respectively by NSFC grants (11871451, 12071485, 12071035, 11688101, 12288201). The first author is partially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. The third author is partially supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (1202012, Z190003).} \CDRGrant[National Key R\&D Program of China]{2021YFA1002600} \CDRGrant[National Key R\&D Program of China]{2021YFA1003100} \CDRGrant[NSFC]{11871451} \CDRGrant[NSFC]{12071485} \CDRGrant[NSFC]{12071035} \CDRGrant[NSFC]{11688101} \CDRGrant[NSFC]{12288201} \CDRGrant{Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities} \CDRGrant[Beijing Natural Science Foundation]{1202012} \CDRGrant[Beijing Natural Science Foundation]{Z190003} \keywords{\kwd{Approximation} \kwd{extension} \kwd{singular hermitian metric} \kwd{Griffiths negative} \kwd{Nakano negative}} \altkeywords{\kwd{Approximation} \kwd{extension} \kwd{métrique hermitienne singulière} \kwd{négativité de Griffiths} \kwd{négativité de Nakano}} \subjclass{32Q28} \begin{abstract} We show that a singular Hermitian metric on a holomorphic vector bundle over a Stein manifold which is negative in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano) can be approximated by a sequence of smooth Hermitian metrics with the same curvature negativity. We also show that a smooth Hermitian metric on a holomorphic vector bundle over a Stein manifold restricted to a submanifold which is negative in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano) can be extended to the whole bundle with the same curvature negativity. \end{abstract} \begin{altabstract} Nous montrons qu'une m\'etrique hermitienne singuli\`ere sur un fibré vectoriel holomorphe sur une vari\'et\'e de Stein qui est n\'egative au sens de Griffiths (resp. Nakano) peut \^e tre approxim\'e par une s\'equence de m\'etriques hermitiennes lisses avec la m\^eme n\'egativit\'e de courbure. Nous montrons \'egalement qu’une m\'etrique hermitienne lisse sur un fibr\'e vectoriel holomorphe sur une vari\'et\'e de Stein restreinte \`a une sous-vari\'et\'e ce qui est n\'egatif au sens de Griffiths (resp. Nakano) peut \^etre \'etendu \`a l'ensemble du faisceau avec la m\^eme n\'egativit\'e de courbure. \end{altabstract} \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} It is known that any plurisubharmonic function on a Stein manifold can be globally approximated point-wise by a decreasing sequence of smooth plurisubharmonic functions~\cite{For-Nar80}. For Stein manifolds, another important result states that any plurisubharmonic function on the submanifold of a Stein manifold can always be extended to a plurisubharmonic function on the ambient space~\cite{Sa}. Note that a plurisubharmonic function on a complex manifold can be viewed as a positively curved singular Hermitian metric on the trivial line bundle over the manifold. The aim of the present work is to prove similar results for positively curved (in certain sense, to be clarified later) singular Hermitian metrics on holomorphic vector bundles over Stein manifolds. %Singular metrics of line bundles play an important role in the study of complex geometry and algebraic geometry. %Many mathematician studied the singular metrics of holomorphic vector bundles of rank $r\geq 2$. %However, there are different ways to define singular hermitian metrics of holomorphic vector bundles %by different view points(see~\cite{R},\cite{I}?). %In this paper, we focus on the approximation of singular hermitian metric which is %negatively curved in the sense of Griffiths/Nakano. We also considered extension of %smooth hermitian metric on closed submanifold of a Stein manifold. To state the main results, we first recall some notions about curvature positivity of singular Hermitian metrics on holomorphic vector bundles. Let $\pi:E\ra X$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over a complex manifold $X$. Then a singular Hermitian metric is a measurable section $h$ of $E^*\otimes\bar{E^*}$ that gives a Hermitian inner product on $E_x$, the fiber of $E$ over $x$, for almost all $x\in X$. Given such a singular Hermitian metric $h$ on $E$, we can define a dual singular Hermitian metric $h^*$ in the dual bundle $E^*$ of $E$ in a natural way. The following definition is given in~\cite{BP}. \begin{defi}\label{def:GP} Let $\pi:E\ra X$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over a complex manifold $X$. A singular Hermitian metric $h$ on $E$ is negatively curved in the sense of Griffiths if $\|u\|^2_h$ is plurisubharmonic for any local holomorphic section $u$ of $E$, and we say that $h$ is positively curved in the sense of Griffiths if the dual metric $h^*$ on the dual bundle $E^*$ of $E$ is negatively curved in the sense of Griffiths. \end{defi} For smooth Hermitian metrics on holomorphic vector bundles, Berndtsson discovered an equivalent characterization (see~\cite{B}), as follows. Let $h$ be a smooth Hermitian metric on $E$. For any local coordinate system $\{z=(z_1,\ldots,z_n),U\}$ on $X$ and any $n$-tuple local holomorphic sections $v=(v_1,\ldots,v_n)$ of $E$ over $U$, we set \[ T^h_v\coloneqq \sum_{j,k=1}^{n}(v_j,v_k)_h\widehat{\dd z_j\wedge \dd \overline{z}_k}, \] where $\hat{\dd z_j\wedge \dd \overline{z}_k}$ is the wedge product of all $\dd z_s$ and $\dd \bar z_s$ except $\dd z_j$ and $\dd \bar z_k$, multiplied by a constant of absolute value 1, such that \[ \irm \,\dd z_j\wedge \dd \bar{z}_k\wedge \hat{\dd z_j\wedge \dd \overline{z}_k}= \irm \, \dd z_1\wedge \dd \bar{z}_1\wedge\cdots\wedge \irm \,\dd z_n\wedge \dd \bar{z}_n \eqqcolon \dd V_z. \] Then $h$ is negatively curved in the sense of Nakano if and only if if $\irm \,\partial\bar\partial T^h_v\geq 0$ for all choices of $v$. If $h$ is assumed to be singular, $T^h_v$ can also be defined as a current on $U$ of bi-degree $(n-1, n-1)$, and hence $\irm \,\partial\bar\partial T^h_v$ is an $(n,n)$-current on $U$. Following Berndtsson's observation, Raufi induces the following definition~\cite{R} of Nakano negativity and dual Nakano positivity for singular Hermtian metric on holomorphic vector bundles. \begin{defi}\label{Defn} \looseness-1 Let $\pi:E\ra X$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over a complex manifold $X$ of dimension $n$. A singular Hermitian metric $h$ on $E$ is negatively curved in the sense of Nakano, if \[ \irm \,\partial\bar\partial T^h_v\geq 0 \] holds for any $n$-tuple local holomorphic sections $v=(v_1,\ldots, v_n)$, and we say that $h$ is dual Nakano positive if $h^*$ is negatively curved in the sense of Nakano. \end{defi} In Section~\ref{sec:basic curvature positivity}, we will explain that the curvature positivity defined in Definitions~\ref{def:GP} and~\ref{Defn} reduces to the standard definitions in the case of smooth Hermitian metrics. The first result of the note is the following \begin{thm}\label{thm c g} Let $(E,h)$ be a singular hermitian holomorphic vector bundle over a Stein manifold $X$. Assume $h$ is negatively curved in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano). Then there exists a sequence of smooth hermitian metrics $\{h_k\}_{k=1}^\infty$ with negative curvature in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano), such that for any compact subset $K\subset X$, there is $k(K)$, for $k\geq k(K)$, $h_k$ decrease to $h$ pointwise on $K$. \end{thm} A local version, namely, the case that $X$ is a polydisc and $E$ is trivial, of the Theorem~\ref{thm c g} was proved in~\cite{BP} and~\cite{R}. The second result is about extension of Hermitian metrics. \begin{thm}\label{thm ext G} Let $E$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over a Stein manifold $X$, and $Y$ be a closed submanifold of $X$. Assume that $h$ is a smooth hermitian metric on $E|_Y$ with negative curvature in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano), then $h$ can be extended to a smooth hermitian metric $\tilde{h}$ on $E$ with negative curvature in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano). \end{thm} We do not know if the result in Theorem~\ref{thm ext G} still holds if $h$ is assumed to be singular. \section{On different formations for curvature positivity for smooth Hermitian metrics on holomorphic vector bundles}\label{sec:basic curvature positivity} In this section, we explain that the curvature positivity defined in Definitions~\ref{def:GP} and~\ref{Defn} reduce to the standard definitions in the case of smooth Hermitian metrics. The result in this section is already known, but we also give the related details since the lack of exact references. \subsection{On Griffiths negativity} We first consider the case of line bundle. Let $L$ be a holomorphic line bundle over a complex manifold $X$ and $h$ be a smooth metric on $L$. If $e$ is a holomorphic local frame of $L$ on some open set $U\subset X$ and $|e|^2_h=\expe^{\phi}$ for some smooth function $\phi$ on $U$, then the curvature of $(L,h)$ is negative if and only if $\phi$ is a plurisubhamronic function on $U$ (here negative means semi-nagative). Let $s=fe$ be a holomorphic section of $L$ on $U$, then $|s|^2_h=|f|^2\expe^{\phi}$ is of course plurisubhamronic if $\phi$ is plurisubhamronic. So we get the conclusion that the norm square of any local holomorphic section of $L$ with respect to $h$ is plurisubhamronic if the curvature of $(L,h)$ is negative. On the other hand, assume that the converse is true, that is $|s|^2_h=|f|^2\expe^{\phi}$ is plurisubhamronic for any local holomorphic section $s$ of $L$, we can see that the curvature of $(L,h)$ is negative. In fact, we can just consider nonvanishing section $s$ and write $f=\expe^{g/2}$ for some local holomorphic function $g$, then $\expe^{\Rerm g+\phi}$ is plurisubhamronic, and it follows that $\Rerm g+\phi$ satisfies the maximum value principle for all local holomorphic function $g$, which implies that $\phi$ itself is plurisubhamronic. In conclusion, $(L,h)$ has negative curvature if and only if $|s|^2_h$ is plurisubhamronic for any local holomorphic section $s$ of $L$. We now move to the discussion of Hermitian holomorphic vector bundles. Let $E$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over $X$ and $h$ be a smooth Hermitian metric on $E$. We assume that the curvature of $(E,h)$ is negative in the sense of Griffiths. Then it is well known that any holomorphic subbundle of $E$ with the induced metric has negative curvature in the sense of Griffiths (see~\cite[Proposition~6.10]{Db}). Now let $s$ be a nonvanishing local holomorphic section of $E$, then $s$ generates a local subbundle, say $L$, of rank 1 of $E$. It follows that $(L, h|_L)$ has negative curvature, and by the discussion above we know that $|s|^2_h$ is a local plurisubhamronic function. Clearly the same statement still true if $s$ has zeros since then $|s|^2_h$ satisfies the mean value inequality near the zeros. We now consider the converse. The aim is to prove that if $|s|^2_h$ is plurisubhamronic for any local holomorphic section $s$ of $E$, then the curvature of $(E,h)$ is negative in the sense of Griffiths. Fix any point $p\in X$ and a local holomorphic coordinate system $(z_1,\ldots , z_n)$ on $X$ around $p$, it is known (see~\cite[Proposition~12.10]{Db}) that there exists a local holomorphic frame $e_1,\ldots , e_r$ of $E$ near $p$ such that \[ \langle e_\lambda, e_\mu \rangle_h=\delta_{\lambda\mu}-\sum_{j,k=1}^n c_{jk\lambda\mu}z_j\bar z_k+O(|z|^3),\ 1\leq \lambda, \mu, \leq r. \] For any constants $c_\lambda$, considering the local holomorphic section $s=\sum_{\lambda}c_\lambda e_{\lambda}$ of $E$ near $p$, then we have \[ |s|^2_h=\sum_{\lambda=1}^r|c_\lambda|^2-\sum^n_{j,k=1}\sum_{\lambda,\mu=1}^r c_{jk\lambda\mu}c_\lambda\bar c_\mu z_j\bar z_k+O(|z|^3). \] So the plurisubharmonicity of $|s|^2_h$ implies that the matrix \[ -\left(\frac{\partial|s|^2_h}{\partial z_j\partial\bar z_k}\right)_{n\times n}(0) =\left(\sum_{\lambda,\mu=1}^r c_{jk\lambda\mu}c_\lambda\bar c_\mu \right)_{n\times n}\] is negative, which is exactly equivalent to the Griffiths negativity of the curvature of $(E,h)$ at $p$. In conclusion, we get the following \begin{prop} Let $E$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over $X$ and $h$ be a smooth Hermitian metric on $E$, The curvature of $(E,h)$ is negative in the sense of Griffiths if and only if $|s|^2_h$ is plurisubhamronic for any local holomorphic section $s$ of $E$. \end{prop} \subsection{On Nakano negativity} Let $X$ be a complex manifold of dimension $n$, $E$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over $X$ of rank $r$, and $h$ be a smooth Hermitian metric on $E$. For any local coordinate system $\{z=(z_1,\ldots,z_n),U\}$ on $X$, the curvature of the Chern connection is a $(1,1)$-form of operators \[ \Theta=\sum_{j,k=1}^n\Theta_{jk}\, \dd z_j\wedge \dd \bar{z}_k. \] $E$ is said to be semi-negative in the sense of Nakano if for any $n$-tuple local holomorphic sections $v=(v_1,\ldots,v_n)$ of $E$ over $U$, \begin{equation*}%\label{neg-curv} \sum_{j,k=1}^{n}(\Theta_{j,k}v_j,v_k)\leq0. \end{equation*} If we set \[ T^h_v\coloneqq \sum_{j,k=1}^{n}(v_j,v_k)_h\,\hat{\dd z_j\wedge \dd \overline{z}_k}, \] where $\hat{\dd z_j\wedge \dd \overline{z}_k}$ is the wedge product of all $\dd z_s$ and $\dd \bar z_s$ except $\dd z_j$ and $\dd \bar z_k$, multiplied by a constant of absolute value 1, such that \[ \irm \, \dd z_j\wedge \dd \bar{z}_k\wedge \hat{\dd z_j\wedge \dd \overline{z}_k}= \irm \, \dd z_1\wedge \dd \bar{z}_1\wedge\cdots\wedge \irm \, \dd z_n\wedge \dd \bar{z}_n\eqqcolon \dd V_z. \] A direct calculation (see~\cite[Section 2]{B}) shows that \begin{equation*}%\label{neg-curv1} \irm \,\partial\bar{\partial}T^h_v=-\sum_{j,k=1}^{n}(\Theta_{jk}v_j,v_k)\, \dd V_z. \end{equation*} Therefore, $h$ is negatively curved in the sense of Nakano if and only if if $\irm \, \partial\bar\partial T^h_v\geq 0$ for all choices of $v$. \section{Approximation of singular Hermitian metrics} We put the following obvious results as a lemma. \begin{lemma}\label{add} Let $E$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over a complex manifold $X$, $h_1$ and $h_2$ be two singular hermitian metrics on $E$. Then \begin{enumerate}[label=(\arabic*)] \item\label{lemma6_1} if $h_1$ and $h_2$ are both with negative curvature in the sense of Griffiths, so is $h_1+h_2$; \item\label{lemma6_2} if $h_1$ and $h_2$ are both with negative curvature in the sense of Nakano, so is $h_1+h_2$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} From the Oka--Grauert principle for holomorphic vector bundles, we have the following \begin{lemma}\label{trivial} Let $E$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over a Stein manifold $X$. There is a holomorphic vector bundle $F$ on $X$, such that $E\oplus F$ is a trivial holomorphic vector bundle. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The statement is a corollary of the Oka--Grauert principle, which says that any topological vector bundle over a Stein manifold admits one and only one holomorphic structure, up to isomorphism (see~\cite[Theorem~5.3.1]{For11}). It is also known that $E$ can be realized as a holomorphic subbundle of a trivial vector bundle say $X\times \mc^N$ (see~\cite[Corollary 7.3.2 ]{For11}). Hence there exists a topological vector bundle $F$ over $X$ such that $E\oplus F$ is a topologically trivial vector bundle over $X$. By the Oka--Grauert principle, there is a unique holomorphic structure on $F$. Since $E\oplus F$ is trivial as a topological vector bundle, applying again the Oka--Grauert principle to $E\oplus F$, we know that $E\oplus F$ is also trivial as a holomorphic vector bundle. \end{proof} %The following lemma is known, for completeness, we give a proof. \begin{lemma}\label{metric} For any vector bundle $E$ on a Stein manifold $X$, there is a smooth Hermitian metric $h$ on $E$ such that $\irm \, \Theta_h$ is both Nakano positive and dual Nakano positive. Furthermore, there is a smooth Hermitian metric $h'$ on $E$ such that $\irm \, \Theta_{h'}$ is Nakano negative. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The proof of the first statement is as follows. We fix a smooth hermitian metric $h_0$ on $E$ at first, and denote by $h^*_0$ the metric on $E^*$ dual to $h_0$. We also fix an exhaustive smooth strictly plurisubharmonic function $\phi$ on $X$. Then we can choose a smooth increasing convex function $u$, such that the curvature of $h=\expe^{-u(\phi)}h_0$ is Nakano positive and $h^*\coloneqq \expe^{u(\phi)}h^*_0$ is Nakano negative, whic means that $\irm \,\Theta_h$ is both Nakano positive and dual Nakano positive. We can get the second statement by applying the first stament to $E^*$, which is also a vector bundle on the Stein manifold $X$. \end{proof} We need the following proposition. \begin{prop}[{see~\cite[Proposition~6.10, p.~340]{Db}}]\label{dec} Let $0\to S\to E\to Q\to 0$ be an exact sequence of hermitian vector bundles, and $h$ is a smooth hermitian metric on $E$. Give $S$ and $Q$ the induced metric by $E$. Then \begin{enumerate}[label=(\arabic*)] \item\label{prop9_a} %(a) If $\irm \, \Theta_E$ is Griffith (semi-)positive, so is $\irm \, \Theta_Q$. \item\label{prop9_b} % (b) If $\irm \, \Theta_E$ is Griffith (semi-)negative, so is $\irm \, \Theta_S$. \item\label{prop9_c} % (c) If $\irm \, \Theta_E$ is Nakano (semi-)negative, so is $\irm \, \Theta_S$. \end{enumerate} \end{prop} B. Berndtsson and M. P\v{a}un~\cite{BP} proved the following theorem in the case that $h$ is negatively curved in the sense of Griffiths by convolution in an approximate way. H. Raufi~\cite{R} observed that the same technique yields a similar result when $h$ is negatively curved in the sense of Nakano. \begin{thm}[see~\cite{BP} and~\cite{R}]\label{BPR} Let $h$ be a singular hermitian metric on a trivial vector bundle $E$ over a polydisc, and assume that $h$ is negatively curved in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano). There exists a sequence of smooth hermitian metrics $\{h_\nu\}_{\nu=1}^\infty$ with negative curvature in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano), decreasing to $h$ pointwise on any smaller polydisc. \end{thm} \goodbreak We now give the proof of Theorem~\ref{thm c g}. \begin{thm}[=~Theorem~\ref{thm c g}] Let $(E,h)$ be a singular hermitian holomorphic vector bundle over a Stein manifold $X$. Assume $h$ is negatively curved in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano). Then there exists a sequence of smooth hermitian metrics $\{h_k\}_{k=1}^\infty$ with negative curvature in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano), such that for any compact subset $K\subset X$, there is $k(K)$, for $k\geq k(K)$, $h_k$ decrease to $h$ pointwise on $K$. \end{thm} \begin{proof} We give the proof for the case of Griffiths negativity. The proof for the case of Nakano negativity is similar. From Lemma~\ref{trivial}, there is a holomorphic vector bundle $F$ on $X$, such that $E\oplus F$ is a trivial holomorphic vector bundle. As the restriction of trivial hermitian metric of trivial vector bundle on $F$ which denoted by $g$ is Griffiths negative, so $(h,g)$ is negatively curved in the sense of Griffiths. If we get an approximation of $(h,g)$ by hermitian metrics with Griffiths negative curvatures, by Proposition~\ref{dec}, the restriction of the hermitian metrics to $E$ which are Griffiths negative is an approximation of $h$. Without of loss generality, we may assume that $E$ is the trivial vector bundle $X\times \mathbb{C}^r$, and $h$ is a hermitian matrix function on $X$. By the imbedding theorem, there is a proper holomorphic imbedding $\iota:X\to\mathbb{C}^N$. So we may view $X$ as a closed complex submanifold of $\mathbb{C}^N$. There exist finitely many holomorphic functions $f_1,\ldots,f_m$ on $\mathbb{C}^N$, such that $\{z\in\mathbb{C}^N:f_1(z)=\cdots=f_m(z)=0\}=X$. Set $|f|^2=\sum_{j=1}^{m}|f_j|^2$. By Corollary~1 of~\cite{S}, there is a Stein open neighborhood $U\subset\mathbb{C}^N$ of $X$, and a holomorphic retraction $\pi:U\to X$. Hence, $\pi^*(h)=h\circ\pi$ is a singular hermitian metric on $U\times \mathbb{C}^r$, which is an extension of $h$ and negatively curved in the sense of Griffiths. We will construct $h_k$ by induction. For $z\in\mathbb{C}^N$, set $|z|=\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{N}|z_j|^2}$, and $X_k=\{z\in X:|z|\leq k\}$. Denote $d_k=\dist(X_k,\partial U)$. Let $\rho$ be a smooth radical function on $\mathbb{C}^N$, $\rho\geq 0$, $\supp \rho\subset B_1$ and $\int_{\mathbb{C}^n}\rho \, \dd V=1$. Set $\rho_\epsilon(z)\coloneqq \frac{\rho(z/\epsilon)}{\epsilon^{2N}}$ for $\epsilon>0$. Hence by Theorem~\ref{BPR}, $(h\circ\pi)\ast\rho_{\epsilon_k}$ is Griffiths negative on \[ V_k\coloneqq \{z\in\mathbb{C}^N:\dist(z,X_k)0$, and \[ u_k(z)=\max\nolimits _{\delta_k}\big\{|z|^2-k^2-\delta_k,0\big\}+|f(z)|^2, \] where $\max_{\delta}\{x,y\}$ means the convolution of the maximum function (see~\cite{Db}). Notice that \begin{equation}\label{in1} u_k|_{X_k}=0\; \text{and}\;u_k(z)=|z|^2-k^2-\delta_k+|f(z)|^2\geq c_k,\; \text{for}\; z\in U_k^c \end{equation} for some constant $c_k>0$. \begin{enonce*}{Claim} There is a sequence of smooth increasing convex functions $\{v_k\}$, with $v_k(0)=0$, such that \[ \tilde{h}_k\coloneqq \expe^{v_k(u_k)}\big(\chi_k(h\circ\pi)\ast\rho_{\epsilon_k}+\epsilon_k I_r\big) \] is a Griffiths negative hermitian metric for the trivial vector bundle $\mathbb{C}^N\times\mathbb{C}^r$, where $I_r$ denotes the $r\times r$ unit matrix. \end{enonce*} If the claim is proved, let $h_k=\tilde{h}_k|_X$, $h_k$ is Griffiths negative, and \[ h_k|_{X_k}=(h\circ\pi)\ast\rho_{\epsilon_k}|_{X_k}+\epsilon_k I_r\; \text{for}\; k\geq1. \] As $\epsilon_k$ decreases to 0, then $\{h_k\}$ satisfies all the conditions. We will prove the claim. Note that, \[ \irm \, \Theta_{h_k}=\irm \, \Theta_{\chi_k(h\circ\pi)\ast\rho_{\epsilon_k}|_{X_k}+\epsilon_k I_r}-\irm \, \partial\bar{\partial}v_k(u_k)\otimes I_r. \] From Lemma~\ref{add}, $\chi_k(h\circ\pi)\ast\rho_{\epsilon_k}|_{X_k}+\epsilon_k I_r$ is Griffiths negative on $U_k$. As $\chi_k=0$ on $V_k^c$, we only need to consider $V_k\backslash U_k$. Since $\chi_k(h\circ\pi)\ast\rho_{\epsilon_k}|_{X_k}+\epsilon_k I_r$ is a smooth hermitian metric, $\bar{V_k}\backslash U_k$ is compact, and $u_k$ is strictly plurisubharmonic on $\bar{V_k}\backslash U_k$, we can find a smooth increasing convex function $v_k$, such that $v_k(0)=0$ and $\tilde{h}_k$ is Griffiths negative. \end{proof} \begin{rema} By the dual proposition, we can also get similar results for the approximation of singular metric which is positively curved in the sense of Griffiths or dual Nakano positive on Stein manifold with increasing sequence of metrics with Griffiths positive or dual Nakano positive curvatures. \end{rema} \section{Extensions of Hermitian metrics} In this section we give the proof of Theorem~\ref{thm ext G}. %which will split into two theorems (Theorem~\ref{thm ext G 1} and Theorem~\ref{thm ext G 2}) \begin{thm}[=~Theorem~\ref{thm ext G}]\label{thm ext G 1} Let $E$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over a Stein manifold $X$, and $Y$ be a closed submanifold of $X$. Assume that $h$ is a smooth hermitian metric on $E|_Y$ with negative curvature in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano), then $h$ can be extended to a smooth hermitian metric $\tilde{h}$ on $E$ with negative curvature in the sense of Griffiths (resp. Nakano). \end{thm} \begin{proof} We give the proof for the case of Griffiths negativity. The proof for the case of Nakano negativity is similar. From Lemma~\ref{trivial}, there is a holomorphic vector bundle $F$ on $X$, such that $E\oplus F$ is the trivial holomorphic vector bundle $X\times\mathbb{C}^r$. The restriction of trivial hermitian metric of trivial vector bundle on $F$ which denoted by $g$ is Griffiths negative. As $Y$ is a closed submanifold of the Stein manifold $X$, there exists an open neighborhood $U$ of $Y$ in $X$, with a holomorphic retraction $\pi:U\to Y$. So we get a smooth hermitian metric $(h\circ\pi,g)$ on $(E\oplus F)|_U$ with negative Griffiths curvature. Let $\chi$ be a smooth function satisfying $\chi\equiv1$ in an open neighborhood $V$ of $Y$ and $\text{supp}\ \chi\subset U$. Set \[ h'=\chi(h\circ\pi,g)+(1-\chi)I_r, \] then $h'$ is a smooth Hermitian metric on $E\oplus F$. As $h'|_V=(h\circ\pi,g)$, $h'$ is Griffiths negative on $V$. So we will focus on $V^c\coloneqq X\setminus V$. There exist finitely many holomorphic functions $f_1,\ldots,f_m$ on $X$, such that \[ Y=\{z\in X:f_1(z)=\cdots=f_m(z)=0\}. \] Let $|f|^2=\sum_{j=1}^{m}|f_j|^2$, and $\phi\geq0$ be a smooth strictly plurisubharmonic exhaustion function on $X$. There is a continuous function $v$ on $[0,\infty)$, such that \begin{equation}\label{ex in1} \irm\,\Theta_{h'}\leq v(\phi)\, \irm\,\partial\bar{\partial}\phi I_r \end{equation} and \begin{equation}\label{ex in2} \frac{1}{|f|^2}\leq v(\phi) \;\;\text{on}\;\; V^c. \end{equation} Let $u$ be a smooth increasing convex function on $(-1,\infty)$, such that \begin{equation}\label{ex in3} u(t)\geq0 \;\;\text{and}\;\;u'(t)\geq v^2(t)\;\;\forall t\in[0,\infty). \end{equation} Let \[ \tilde{h}=\expe^{|f|^2\expe^{u(\phi)}}h',\;\; \text{and}\;\; \psi=\log|f|^2+u(\phi). \] Then $\tilde{h}$ is a smooth hermitian metric on $E\oplus F$, and \[ \tilde{h}|_Y=h'|_Y=(h,g|_Y). \] Since $\psi$ is plurisubharmonic, we have that $\expe^{\psi}=|f|^2\expe^{u(\phi)}$ is also plurisubharmonic. As \begin{equation}\label{ex in4} \irm\,\Theta_{\tilde{h}} =\irm\,\Theta_{h'}-\irm\,\partial\bar{\partial}(|f|^2\expe^{u(\phi)})I_r, \end{equation} and $h'$ is Griffiths negative on $V$, Therefore, $\tilde{h}$ is also Griffiths negative on $V$. On $V^c$, notice \begin{equation}\label{ex in5} \begin{split} \irm \, \partial\bar{\partial}(|f|^2\expe^{u(\phi)}) &= \irm \,\partial\bar{\partial}\expe^{\psi}\\ &= \expe^{\psi}(\irm \,\partial\bar{\partial}\psi+\irm \,\partial\psi\wedge\bar{\partial}\psi)\\ &\geq |f|^2\expe^{u(\phi)}\irm \,\partial\bar{\partial}(\log|f|^2+u(\phi))\\ &\geq |f|^2\expe^{u(\phi)}u'(\phi)\irm \,\partial\bar{\partial}\phi\\ &\geq v(\phi)\irm \,\partial\bar{\partial}\phi, \end{split} \end{equation} the last inequality holds form inequality~\eqref{ex in2} and~\eqref{ex in3}. From inequality~\eqref{ex in1},~\eqref{ex in4} and~\eqref{ex in5}, we have that $\tilde{h}$ is Griffiths semi-negative on $V^c$. Therefore, $\tilde{h}$ is is Griffiths semi-negative on $X$. Let \[ \iota:E\to E\oplus F,\;\;\iota(\alpha)=(\alpha,0). \] $\iota^*(\tilde{h})$ is a smooth Griffiths semi-negative hermitian metric on $E$ by Proposition~\ref{dec}, with\break \hbox{$\iota^*(\tilde{h})|_Y=h$.} \end{proof} \begin{rema} For the extension theorems, if the metric being extended is Griffiths nagative or Nakano negative, we can get a Griffiths negative or Nakano negative extension metric. The proof is almost same as above, if one notice that there is a sequence of holomorphic functions $\{f_j\}$ on $X$, such that $|f|^2\coloneqq \sum_{j=1}^{\infty}|f_j|^2$ converges uniformly on compact subsets of $X$, $Y=\{|f|^2=0\}$, and $i\partial\bar{\partial}|f|^2+\omega_Y>0$ on every point $p\in Y\subset X$ for any given K\"{a}hler form $\omega_Y$ on $Y$. \end{rema} \begin{thm}\label{thm ext G 2} Let $E$ be a holomorphic vector bundle over a Stein manifold $X$, and $Y$ be a closed submanifold of $X$. Assume $h$ is a smooth hermitian metric on $E|_Y$ which is Nakano (semi-)positive. Then $h$ can be extended to a smooth hermitian metric $\tilde{h}$ on $E$ which is Nakano (semi-)positive. \end{thm} \begin{proof} As $Y$ be a closed submanifold of the Stein manifold $X$, by~\cite{S}, there is a Stein neighborhood $U\subset X$ of $Y$, and a holomorphic retraction $\rho:U\to Y$. By the Oka--Grauert principle, $\rho^*(E|_Y)$ is isomorphic to $E|_U$, and $\rho^*(E|_Y)|_Y=E|_Y$. Therefore, we may view $\rho^*(h)$ as a smooth hermitian metric on $E|_U$, and $\rho^*(h)|_Y=h$. Choose a smooth hermitian metric $h_1$ on $E$, and a smooth function $\chi$ on $X$ such that $\chi=1$ in an open neighborhood of $Y$, and $\text{supp}\chi\subset U$. Then we get a smooth hermitian metric \[ h'=\chi\rho^*(h)+(1-\chi)h_1 \] on $E$. There is a sequence of holomorphic functions $\{f_j\}$ on $X$, such that $|f|^2\coloneqq \sum_{j=1}^{\infty}|f_j|^2$ converges uniformly on compact subsets of $X$, $Y=\{|f|^2=0\}$, and $\irm \,\partial\bar{\partial}|f|^2+\omega_Y>0$ on every point $p\in Y\subset X$ for any K\"{a}hler form $\omega_Y$ on $Y$. By a similar procedure of the proof of Theorem~\ref{thm ext G}, we can find a smooth plurisubharmonic function $\varphi$ on $X$, such that $\expe^{-|f|^2\expe^\varphi}h'$ is Nakano (semi)-positive on $X$. It is obvious $\expe^{-|f|^2\expe^\varphi}h'$ is an extension of $h$. \end{proof} \section*{Acknowledgements} The authors thank the referee for helpful suggestions. \section*{Declaration of interests} The authors do not work for, advise, own shares in, or receive funds from any organization that could benefit from this article, and have declared no affiliations other than their research organizations. \printbibliography \end{document}