L'essor des mathématiques appliquées aux États-Unis : l'impact de la seconde guerre mondiale

Dahan Dalmedico, Amy

Revue d'histoire des mathématiques, Tome 2 (1996) no. 2, pp. 149-213.

Depuis une vingtaine d'années, les historiens des sciences ont étudié le rôle de la seconde guerre mondiale dans l'évolution de la physique aux États-Unis. Ils ont mis en évidence les mutations dans les pratiques scientifiques et les changements de comportements sociaux et culturels qui en ont découlé. Cet article s'intéresse de manière analogue au cas des mathématiques. Nous analysons les formes institutionnelles mises en place par les militaires au cours des années de guerre pour collaborer avec les mathématiciens, l'essor de nouveaux champs en mathématiques appliquées et les principaux groupes engagés dans ces travaux. Les anciennes divisions et hiérarchies entre branches mathématiques en sont bouleversées. Une figure de mathématicien socialement et culturellement différente émerge ; John von Neumann en est l'exemple symbolique. Nous étudions ensuite la consolidation dans l'après-guerre de quelques centres réputés, en premier lieu le Courant Institute, et les efforts d'institutionnalisation des mathématiques appliquées aux États-Unis tant au plan de la recherche que de l'enseignement ; nous évoquons aussi les résistances rencontrées. Dans la dernière partie, nous avançons quelques éléments de réponse à la question suivante : pourquoi, en dépit de cet essor incontestable, les mathématiques appliquées ont-elles été marginalisées dans la communauté mathématique internationale jusque dans les années 1970 ?

Over the past twenty years, historians of science have examined the role played by the Second World War in the development of physics in the United States. They have pointed to upheavals in scientific practices and consequent changes in social and cultural behaviours. The present paper is concerned with similar topics, taking the case of mathematics. Institutional patterns are analysed, as set up by the military during the war years, to allow ongoing collaboration with mathematicians, and the rise of new fields in applied mathematics is examined, together with the major groups involved in such work. Established divisions and hierarchies, as prevailing of old between branches of mathematics, underwent upheavals in the process. The emergence is noted of a socially and culturally different persona for the mathematicians; John von Neumann being the symbol and exemplar of such a type. The post-war consolidation of a number of centers of repute is then surveyed, most notably with the case of the Courant Institute, along with the attempts to achieve institutionalisation of applied mathematics in the United States, be it as a research activity or at university faculty level, as well as the resistances encountered. Finally, the paper addresses - and proffers some tentative answers - the following question: Why, in spite of questioned advances in the field, was the discipline of applied mathematics sidelined and marginalised in the international mathematical community, up till the 1970s?

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