Balancing the response and adjusting estimates for nonresponse bias: complementary activities

Särndal, Carl-Erik; Lundquist, Peter

Journal de la société française de statistique, Tome 155 (2014) no. 4, pp. 28-50.

Un des objectifs d’une collecte adaptative de données est de profiter d’une planification et d’une intervention appropriées, afin d’obtenir au final un ensemble de répondants bien équilibré ou bien représentatif. A ce stade, l’information auxiliaire, qui inclue les paradonnées, joue un rôle central. Mais quoique l’on puisse accomplir durant la période de la collecte, le but ultime est d’obtenir des estimations précises. Au stade de l’estimation, les variables auxiliaires jouent également un rôle important, comme lorsque des poids calés sont utilisés pour réduire le biais de non-réponse qui affecte néanmoins les estimations.

Le concept de déséquilibre de la réponse est central dans cet article. Nous définissons et nous mesurons ses composantes, le déséquilibre total, marginal ou conditionnel. Nous proposons des méthodes basées sur la propension (ou l’intensité) de la réponse, observable de façon continue pendant la collecte de données, dans le but d’obtenir une réponse ultime bien équilibrée. Nous appliquons ces méthodes à des données d’une importante enquête suédoise, et nous examinons dans quelle mesure une réduction bien réussie du déséquilibre peut contribuer à réduire le biais, au-delà de ce qu’un ajustement par calage peut apporter.

One objective of Responsive Design is to manage the data collection through appropriate planning and intervention, so as to promote in the end a well-balanced or well representative set of respondents. At that stage, auxiliary information, including paradata, plays a crucial role. But regardless of what can be accomplished during data collection, accurate estimation is the ultimate goal. The auxiliary variables play an important role at that stage as well, as when calibrated weights are used for adjustment in order to reduce the nonresponse bias that nevertheless affects the estimates.

The concept of imbalance of the survey response is central in this article. We define and measure its components, total, marginal and conditional imbalance. We propose methods based on response propensity, observed continuously throughout the data collection, for obtaining a well-balanced ultimate response. We apply the methods to data from a major Swedish survey, and we explore how a successful reduction of imbalance may contribute further to reducing the bias of estimates, over and beyond what calibration adjustment will accomplish in that regard.

Keywords: Auxiliary information, Household surveys, Imbalance, Nonresponse, Paradata, Responsive design
Mot clés : Déséquilibre, Enquêtes ménage, Information auxiliaire, Non-réponse, Paradonnées, Sondage adaptatif

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